iQue Player System Flaws

Hardware

Summary	Description	Timeframe this was discovered	Discovered by
No known hardware exploits

Secure Kernel

Summary	Description	Successful exploitation result	Timeframe this was discovered	Discovered by
psychic paper: Secure Kernel could incorrectly consider a self-signed certificate chain as valid	The function for verifying certificate chains at 0x9FC028BC is passed an array of pointers to certificates. For the first 5 elements, it checks to see if the certificate was issued by Root, if so it checks if the certificate was signed by the hardcoded Root public key (and returns immediately with the result). If the certificate wasn't signed by Root, it checks if the certificate was signed by the public key of the next certificate in the array. If all 5 certificates verified correctly, the function will return success.	Assuming this function can be called with an attacker-controlled array of certificates (this is possible, thanks to other (below) issues), self-signing of certificates (and thus, arbitrary code execution, with full non-Secure Mode privileges) (This is not the case for Secure Applications, the code in SK for verifying those sets up a hardcoded array on the stack for the certificate verification function)	April 2018	Riley
skLaunchSetup and skRecryptBegin leave CMD in memory if its signature does not verify	The function called by skLaunchSetup (and skRecryptBegin) at 0x9FC00BAC verifies ticket and CMD, and decrypts the titlekey. After verifying the ticket signature, it copies the CMD to another place in memory, derives the titlekey encryption key, decrypts the titlekey with the titlekek, then verifies the CMD signature. If the CMD signature does not verify successfully, the function just returns an error, leaving the unsigned CMD in place. Most of the code that uses a CMD in SK uses the CMD in that place in memory that this function copies the CMD to, and trusts that whatever data is there has been verified already. The entire CMD is covered by the ticket signature anyway, so this isn't that useful really, besides potentially making psychic paper easier to exploit.	With existing code execution with access to skLaunchSetup or skRecryptBegin and some other SKC that uses SK's internal CMD copy (only non-test SAs have this level of access), and the ability to sign a ticket but not a CMD: Allowing the use of an unsigned CMD by SK, potentially leading to privilege escalation (by specifying arbitrary allowed hardware access/allowed SKCs).	April 26, 2018	Riley
skLaunch does not check content hash if recrypt flag is set in CMD	skLaunch calculates the SHA1 hash of the content and compares it to the value in the CMD, returning an error if the hash doesn't match. This entire block of code is jumped over if the recrypt flag is set in the CMD.	With plaintext of an application with the recrypt flag set in its CMD, arbitrary code execution (via, for example, implementation of the attack described in pocorgtfo17)	Early 2018?	Everyone
skVerifyHash signature pointer not validated	skVerifyHash takes in a u8 pointer to a signature to verify, but does not actually validate this pointer is valid before treating the memory it points to as an RSA/ECC signature.	Causing the Secure Kernel to data abort -- possibly usable as an infoleak, depending on the provided cert chain	April 29, 2018	SciresM
SK's ECDH implementation does no validation of the other party's public key	When deriving the titlekek using ECDH, SK does no validation whatsoever of the public key, which comes from the ticket. Because ECDH is just multiplication, passing in an all-zero public key would lead to an all-zero titlekek being used.	With the ability to sign a ticket and CMD (for example, psychic paper): causing SK to use a constant titlekek; no need to know a console's ECC keypair.	April 29, 2018	Riley
skRecryptData insufficient checks	skRecryptData allows for NULL to be passed in as a pointer, for supporting some alternate mode controlled by a u32 in SK .data. However, if this u32 is 0 (which is the default), no further checks are done and recrypt operations are done starting from NULL with provided length (in 0x400 chunks). Also, if skRecryptBegin wasn't called, the recrypt operation is done by decrypting using the current hardware AES engine state, then re-encrypting with a completely zero internal state (which is invalid, so nothing will be done). If skRecryptBegin was called, the re-encryption will succeed as the internal state would have been set, and re-encrypted data would be written to the same area that the original data was read from. (To get to the SK code area with this, though, requires overwriting all of DRAM)	Possible infoleak into the PI buffer. (without recrypt state set) Possible secure mode code execution. (with recrypt state set)	April 30, 2018	Riley
SK's CRL checking function will not check a ticket CRL at all if the ticket CRL version in the ticket (as s32) is < 0	The function in SK that checks provided CRLs at 0x9FC02CB4 checks the provided ticket CRL version first (which comes from the ticket.) If it's less than 0 as s32, it will not be checked at all, that call will be jumped over. The first CRL in the list is the ticket CRL; thus this could provide a favourable situation for exploiting psychic paper. Additionally, the required elements to craft a CRL such that SA believes it to be valid with the public key in the correct place for psychic paper do not overlap. Furthermore, libultra function osBbSaGamePrelaunch (which calls skLaunchSetup/skRecryptBegin/etc), which is called by SA when launching a game, stores the CRL structure for those two SKCs directly after the ticket bundle structure in .data. This, plus other flaws (below) lead directly to the successful exploitation of psychic paper.	Exploitation of psychic paper	April 30, 2018	Riley
eSKape: bad SKC table bounds check	SK's Secure Kernel Call handler bounds checks uses a signed comparison when checking the SKC number that's being called to make sure it is within the bounds of the table, leading to the ability to have SK take the SKC function pointer from non-secure RAM, and thus, arbitrary code execution in secure mode.	Secure mode code execution.	May 1, 2018	Stuckpixel and Riley (complementary)

System Applications

Summary	Description	Successful exploitation result	Exploitable System Applications	Timeframe this was discovered	Discovered by
libultra _osBbSaVerifyTickets gets an entire ticket bundle then just uses skVerifyHash with the ticket cert-chain ptr	_osBbVerifyTickets is called by osBbSaMetaGetTickets if argument 2 is not 0. (osBbSaMetaGetTickets, in turn, is called by a function in SA that appears to get the data for the game menu?) This function calls osBbSaBundleTicket, which gets a "ticket bundle" (struct containing ticket + ticket+CMD cert chain + CRL pointers, pointer to which is used as an argument for skLaunchSetup and skRecryptBegin), then proceeds to call skVerifyHash passing a pointer to the ticket cert-chain pointer array from that structure. Given that the CMD cert chain pointer array is directly after the ticket cert-chain pointer array in that structure, this gives a favourable situation for exploitation of psychic paper.	Exploitation of psychic paper and self-signing tickets such that non-test SAs believe them to be valid.	All non-test SAs?	April 30, 2018	Riley
libultra osBbSaCertCreateChain only uses the endmost certificate's issuer	osBbSaCertCreateChain parses cert.sys to create a cert chain array for SK (first element points to the object's signer, second element points to its signer, etc.). This function only uses the issuer of the endmost certificate (object's signer), to get a list of certificate names to obtain. The rest of the certificates only have their name compared against the one currently being searched for. There are no checks that the chain being created ends in Root. This gives a favourable situation for exploitation of psychic paper.	Exploitation of psychic paper	All non-test SAs?	April 30, 2018	Riley